Imperialism+Term+List

Gold, God, Glory Social Darwinism “The White Man’s Burden” Protectorate Sphere of Influence Genocide
 * European (General) Imperialism**
 * Latin America**
 * Simon Bolivar** was born as a common Creole in Venezuela. Though he was well-educated, he was still considered inferior to the peninsulas, and he dreamed of equality. In 1810, Bolivar led an uprising, attempting to make Venezuela into a republic, but he was quickly suppressed by Conservatives. Later, Bolivar was able to surprise the Spanish in Bogota and take over Venezuela. He spent the rest of his life taking over as many South American countries as he could, hoping to unite them all into one large republic. Though his dream was never made a reality, South America was freed from the Spanish, nicknaming Bolivar, "The Liberator."

Miguel Gregorio Antonio Hidalgo (1735-1811) On the night of September 16, 1810 Priest Miguel Hidalgo rang his perish bell and "called for the death of all Spaniards". He encouraged all mestizos to revolt, and fight to gain back their land, their rights, and their independence. He hated that the gauchopines (native Spaniards) had taken control and that the native people (mestizos) were at the bottom of the social ladder. On September 13, 1810, the creoles plotted for Hidalgos arrest (along with many others). However, this plan was meant to be carried out in December, and Hidalgo heard about it in September and was able to avoid this and additionally it forced Hidalgo to make the decision to unify the exploited mesizos to fight for their independence. He later regretted this decision, having not predicted that the fight would cause so much bloodshed. He left the revolutionaries while they were just about to march into Mexico City. One year later, Hidalgo would be executed in the city of Dolores by the gauchopines while the revolutionaries continued to fight for their independence. Their desire and their strength did die down a little bit after Hidalgo died, however they still continued to fight and finally, on the night of September 27, 1821, almost exactly 11 years since Hidalgo announced the commencement of the Grito de Allores, Mexico gained their Independence from Spain. Even though Hidalgo was not there to witness the Independence of Mexico, he is still known as a national hero and the father of Mexican Independence. José Francisco de San Martín Matorras (1778-1850) ** Jose de San Martin was born in Argentina on February 25, 1778. In 1784 he moved to Spain where he started his eminently successful military career. San Martin remained in Spain, working for the military for around 24 years, until, in March 1812, San Martin arrived in the capital city of Argentina, Buenos Aires. Once in Buenos Aires, he was given the job of arranging a group of people to fight against the Spanish royalists. His superb military skill and strategy gave him great respect and additionally many abilities. San Martin fought his first battle against the Spanish royalists in Buenos Aires on February 3, 1813 which resulted in a successful victory. Later that year, he moved to a northern part of Argentina where he began to build up and strengthen the anti royalist forces. Soon after that however, he decided to help demolish the Spanish royalists in Peru. However to get to Peru, he decided he must first pass through Chile and of course, defeat the Spanish royalists in Chile as well. On April 5 1818, Jose de San Martin had yet another successful victory, and the Spanish royalists in Chile were defeated. Jose de San Martin then moved to Peru, and with the help of some Chilean troops, he was able to conquer Peru. On July 28, 1921 Jose de San Martin declared their independence. Jose de San Martin was a cunning man with a keen sense of strategy and skill which lead him to do many great things.
 * Toussaint L’Ouverture was a Haitian slave who spent the beginning of his life working on a plantation. There were almost half a million slaves working on plantations, and new ideas of liberty and equality were sparking uprisings. Toussaint was a skillful and self-educated leader who enabled the slaves to rebel successfully and abolish slavery in 1798. He proceeded to help Haiti set up a government and write a constitution. Although he was captured and killed by French forces, Haiti was already on the right track towards an independent, democratic country. **

__Caudillo:__ The Spanish word for "chief." It was the title given to many Latin American military leaders that rose in times of instability to fight for their country. These leaders included Jose Francisco de San Martin, Simon Bolivar, Toussaint L'Ouverture, and Miguel Hidalgo. The early caudillos emerged to fight wars of independence and were very loyal to the Latin American independence movement.

__Scramble for Africa__ The Scramble for Africa was a period between 1880 and 1914 when Africa was in great demand by European Nations that desired slaves and land. After slave-trade was prohibited, the race for Africa's land skyrocketed and European countries like Germany and Britain were competing to be able to use African property. They did this for various reasons. Originally the race was for land itself, until the Europeans found that there were many valuable commodities in Africa. Rubber was a commodity that African land possessed. Rubber was an important material for making automobiles, which were slowly becoming more popular in Europe. There were also other commodities that European nations pursued; such as gold, diamonds, rubies, and other gems that obviously had value. The Scramble for Africa was a period in time when European nations raced for land and resources in Africa.
 * Sub-Saharan Africa**

The scramble for Africa occurred in the late 19th century up until world war 1. When slavery was banned hundreds of years earlier, Africa still had commodities and land that many European countries wanted. The scramble for Africa itself was a race to claim as many pieces of land possible in order to harvest and take natural resources such as diamonds, rubber, and gold. Also the land could be used for strategical advantages. For example the British who occupied the Suez canal had the ability to do trade with the east and west expanding their economy massively. The scramble for Africa also lowered tensions between countries. By separating off chunks of land in Africa war was not needed in order to take land. The scramble for Africa is a prime example of imperialism in Sub Saharan Africa.

Berlin Conference - conference held by European nations to decide how to divide Africa. They agreed that territory would be claimed by the first nation to effectively occupy it.

__Leopold II__ Leopold II was extremely important to the history of Sub-Saharan Africa during the age of "new imperialism." Born in Brussels on April 9, 1835, Leopold, inherited the throne from his father, Leopold I, in 1865. He remained ruler until his death in 1909 in Laeken, Belgium. He was remembered for his public works projects as well as his military genius, but was most well know for his imperialistic actions in Sub-Saharan Africa. He believed that Africa was the link to Belgium's prosperity and global dominance. How ever, most Belgians, as well as the government did not agree with Leopold. However, this did not detour him from spreading his influence into the neighboring continent. Instead, he funded a imperialistic force disguised as a research team and sent them into Sub-Saharan Africa. Despite the lack of support, he managed to grow his forces and eventually begin to dominate neighboring tribes and colonies. Soon, through abuse, forced labor, mutilation, and captivation, he had established control over land and established a nation through fear. Despite the cruelty he inflicted upon the natives of the nation, it managed to survive and is now known as the Democratic Republic of Congo. Leopold II was a fierce military leader that had strong goals for his country. Even if his ideas were not supported by his people, he worked hard to accomplish them and would not take no for an answer.

__Mahdi__ The Mahdi is a religious figure in the Islamic faith. He is the "Guided One" who will be alongside Jesus as they destroy the tereny, injustice, and error. He is believed to come when the world is full of injustice, so that he may right this and purify the Islamic faith once again. Because the Mahdi is believed by members of Islam to come during times of injustice, many people have claimed to be the Mahdi in order to get political power and to assemble a following to do their dirty work, such as fighting to "rid injustice" of their rivals. The Mahdi is not mentioned in the Quran or the first Sunni authentic Hadith book, but are mentioned in the other Sunni authentic Hadith books. The Mahdi is believed to come for 7, 9, or 19 years, depending on the interpretation of the readings. According to texts, the Mahdi will come when there is a solar and lunar eclipse in the same month of Ramadan. The Mahdi is said to be from the same bloodline of Muhammad and that his name will be the same as Muhammad's. In the Sunni books of Hadith, his physical characteristics are described as having a broad forehead, a prominent nose, and eyes that are naturally disguised. Whoever the Mahdi was or will be, the Islamic faith eagerly await his arrival so that he will finally rid the world of injustice, and purify the Islamic faith.
 * Middle East**

=
Wahhabism--> Wahhabism was the name given to the followers of is a name given to people who strictly follow Muhammad ibn Abd-al-Wahhab, who was a muslin scholar who advocated a process of purifying Islam from what he considered innovations in Islam violently. He believed that those who practice innovation in Islam are Kafir which is a term in the Islamic doctrinal sense that can be translated as an "unbeliever, or a "disbeliever." The wahhabists were against the people who did not believe in their good Ali. so when the Europeans came into the middle east trying to convert the natives to Christianity, the wahhbists were against it. They felt that the Europeans did not have the right to come into their land and force a religion unto them. The ideas of Wahhabism prevented the acceptance of the Christian religion in the middle east. Wahhabists believe that believers should follow pure Islamic principles.=====

__Muhammad Ali__ Muhammad Ali was a great leader of Egypt who was able to lead successful campaigns for and against the Ottoman Empire. Muhammad took power during a 3-sided civil war between the Egyptian Mamluks, or slave born Islamic warriors, the Ottoman Empire, and the Albanian Mercenaries.Muhammad was apart of the Albanian Army and assisted the Ottoman in there conquest while getting the people to overthrow the Wali and put him in power. In order to secure his victory, Muhammad eliminated his greatest competition, the Mamluks. He invited their leaders to a party, where he capture and killed them all. After that, the Mamluks were destroyed. Muhammad Ali assisted the Ottoman in many of their wars until after the war with Greece. The Ottoman Empire asked Muhammad to help them destroy the Greek revolution for freedom, which he excepted, as long as he got land. He did not, however, think that the European Powers would interfere. In one fatal swoop, the Europeans destroyed the Egyptian fleet,causing Muhammad to withdraw. Angry about the loss, Muhammad began to invade other countries and told the European Powers that he was going to become independent. The Europeans did not want that, because they knew that Muhammad Ali could destroy the Ottoman Empire, causing chaos. They created the Convention of London, which put Egypt under the Ottoman again. Muhammad Ali refused, believing some Europeans, such as the French would assist him, he was wrong. The Europeans sent Brittan's fleet to scare him, but when that didn't work, they sent Austria's fleet to shell Beirut, blockade Egypt, and to liberate places, such as Acre, under Egyptian control. After these, Muhammad agreed to the Convention and lived the rest of his life in paranoia. Muhammad Ali was doing the right thing by reforming his nation, but his greed for power became too strong, dragging the country down with him.

Suez Canal--> The Suez Canal was an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt, which connects the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. It was opened in November of 1869 and it allows water transportation between the two countries of Europe and Asia without the navigation around Africa. Even though the French originally set out to build the Suez Canal in 1959, Britain soon became very jealous because of the potential impact the new shortcut between the Mediterranean and Red Seas could have a large impact on Britain;s trade with its Indian colony. In 1875, the British gained financial control of the Suez Canal from the French, and eventually ruled over most, if not all of Egypt. The English also needed the Suez Canal to gain access to the Middle East because of the large oil supply that was there. The oil from the Middle East would be used to fuel the machines in the European factories that were generated during the industrial revolution.

__British East India Company:__ The British India Trading Company was set up in the 1600s by a group of British merchants. It was founded to trade with India, this being their motive, to Britain's advantage. The British wanted to pursue trade with the East Indies to cut off the Dutch monopoly on spice trade. The British were granted a monopoly by Queen Elizabeth to trade with India and by the 1700s, the British East India company had already set up three major trading posts in India: Madras, Bombay, Calcutta. The British East India Company traded mostly in cotton, silk, indigo dye, and opium. The Company had started to gain military and political control, and become a chief agent in the imperialism of Africa. As the Mughal empire was breaking up and declining, the British East India Company benefited from the Mughal's weakness by collecting taxes and using force to get their way, which gave them more economic and political power. By 1757, after the Battle of Plassey, where the company triumphed a victory over the Nawab of Bengal, the British East India Company began to rule over India. The British East India Company held power until after the Sepoy Rebellion of 1857, where the company was blamed for allowing the events to occur. When the British Parliament passed the Government Act of 1858, the power of the British East India Company was transferred to the crown, and the company was soon came to an end. __Sepoy Rebellion__ An attempted uprising of the sepoys (Indian troops under British rule that guard trading posts) against the British in 1857. It began because of the disregard for Hindu and Muslim customs by the British. Sepoys were required to bite off rifle cartridges and there was pig and cow fat greases on them- this is against the sacred customs of Muslims and Hindus. The rebellion spread; British women and children were slaughtered, and mutineers and innocent Indian civilians were massacred. Though the British were outnumbered they were able to beat the Indians because of their more advanced technology. The outcome of the Sepoy Rebellion was that the British government took control of the British East India Trading Company, and India officially became a British empire. This began a growing nationalism in India and a cautiousness of British leaders by Indians.
 * India**

__Indian National Congress__ A major political party in India which is like the United States government. It is composed of a cabinet that is like the legislature. The 543 member house are all elected to the positions based on the people in the several regions (states) in India. The party was formed after India gained their independence in 1947. The party was founded in the mid to late 1800's but it could not be established because of British dominance and rule of the area. Today, many people are full activists in the party and many more are participants in demonstrations and rallies to end British rule in India. the party was started and led by the Nehru/Gandhi families. Jawaharlal Nehru soon became the prime minister of India, and led the country under this majority party: the INC. INC was also joined with United Progressive Alliance (UPA) to form the Majority. For India, the party included many different economic, social, and foreign policies. The party was created for the opposition of British rule. They opposed British rule through peaceful protest.

__Opium Wars__- In the 1830's the British had become big drug traffickers, including the production and distribution of Opium. They grew the Opium in India and then sold it to China for tea and other manufactured goods. Because of all the opium coming in, this literally caused a country filled with drug addicts. To try and put a stop to this, the Chinese imperial government made Opium illegal, and person that played a great role in getting Opium banned was Lin Tse-Hsu. When Lin Tse-Hsu became imperial commissioner, he was able to rot out corrupt officials and help get rid of all existing opium stores. Even with Opium being illegal, Britain still tried to sell Opium to China, and this angered Lin Tse-Hsu and he sent Queen Victoria of England a letter threatening to cut off all trade with Britain. The actual war began when Chinese junkies turned away British merchant ships, and then this caused Britain to come back to China with big military ships. The war was quick and easy for the British since their military had more advanced technology, and after the loss China was forced to sign the Treaty of Nanjing.
 * China**

__The Treaty of Nanjing__ was one of the first of many unequal treaties made with China. It ended the Opium Wars. Because China was so weak at the time, they were the subject of many unequal treaties. They had to make promises, and the country on the other side of the treaty had to do nothing in return. The Treaty of Nanjing is an example of this. Brittan signed this treaty with China in 1842. There are four main parts to this treaty. The first stated indemnity, where China had to repay Britain for all of the money they lost during the Opium Wars. The second stated that China had to open many trading ports to Britain. They also had to give Britain complete control of Hong Kong. And lastly, they had to grant extraterritoriality to British citizens living in China.

__Extraterritoriality__ is foreigners being protected by their own countries even when abroad. Many of the unequal treaties made between China and Europe use this to state that their citizens living in China were only subject to the laws of their own country. It also guaranteed that foreign citizens living in China could only be tried by their own courts. In a way this made foreign people living in China superior to Chinese because they did not have to follow the same laws.

__Taiping Rebellion__- was a bloody civil war between Qing Dynasty and the Chinese Christian Rebels which was lead by Hong Xiuquan who thought he was the younger brother of Jesus Christ and he had a mission to a heavenly kingdom on Earth and to replace the Manchus. This rebellion almost lead to the fall of the Qing Dynasty. The Taiping Rebellion began as the general Chinease population was in discontent of the Manchus because of their ability not to resist the Opium. In the early 1850's they declared themselves in a rebellion. The anti-machu message and the moral righteousness that the Taiping used combined with good organization worked well. During this same time the Manchus were fighting the 2nd Opium was but once that was finished in the 1850's they were able to get enough forces to supress the Manchus and that combined with internal fighting lead to the downfall of the Taiping.


 * Japan**

__Tokugawa Shogunate__:
 * "In an effort to impose political stability on a Japan badly divided by civil war from 1477-1603, Tokugawa Ieyasu (reign 1603-1616), a powerful //daimyo// (feudal lord) who had succeeded in uniting Japan under his personal rule, reinstated the office of the Shogun in 1603." (Global History Cultural Encounters from Antiquity to Present)
 * Tokugawa Ieyasu and Tokugawa Hidetada (1579-1632) and Tokugawa Iemitsu (1604-1651) through a series of decrees, froze the social order into four castes (warrior-bureaucrats, artisans, merchants, and peasants)
 * They all knew their roles and responsibilities
 * They made a feudal state, and limited Buddhist power, and strengthened neo-Confucian doctrines
 * The most important change the Tokugawa made, was isolating Japan from the rest of the world
 * In 1635, they made travel in and out of Japan a capital offense
 * This //sakoku// (closed-country) period lasted until 1853
 * Before this, they had great trade routes, within Asia, and with Europe
 * The //sakoku// period was a prohibition on the political and cultural challenges presented by cross-cultural exchange, especially religion
 * In 1640, the Shogun banned Christianity because it challenged traditional views
 * To ensure total peace and stability, the Tokugawa claimed authority and control over Japan, including the emperor
 * The //sakoku// brought in a period of economic prosperity, artistic productivity, and political stability
 * With peace, and better nutrition, the population grew from 20 million to 30 million from 1600-1750
 * In 1750, merchants began to dominate the economy, challenging neo-Confucian Tokugawa leadership, and gaining greater power
 * In 1800, more peasants worked, leading to lower income, while tax stayed high, leading to the peasants revolting
 * Many samurais took up farming, because more money was there due to the limited economy, they lost their status, and privileges, creating resentment against the Tokugawa
 * By the early nineteenth century, the social system constructed by Ieyasu Tokugawa began to fall apart
 * With visitors coming in from the west in 1853 (led by Matthew Perry), Japan nearly fell into chaos again

__Matthew Perry__:
 * Negotiated to open doors to trade with Japan
 * On July 8, 1853, Commodore Matthew Perry led ships into Japan, led by the //USS Powhatan//, to give the emperor a letter from the President, Millard Fillmore
 * On March 31, 1854, Perry finally received a treaty from Japan, it included
 * 1) Peace and friendship between the United States and Japan.
 * 2) Opening of two ports to American ships at Shimoda and Hakodate
 * 3) Help for any American ships wrecked on the Japanese coast and protection for shipwrecked persons
 * 4) Permission for American ships to buy supplies, coal, water, and other necessary provisions in Japanese ports.
 * Commodore Perry tore down the wall that separated Japan from the rest of the world
 * Every July, Japan celebrates a black ship festival, in honor of Matthew Perry

Meiji Restoration It was from 1868 to 1912.The restoration was when Japan went back to imperial rule. It included the abolishment of feudalism and modernized Japan to the rest of society. Military modernization was the key goal. The Emperor was used to bring focus to national loyalty and sanctioned revolutionary changes. First Sino-Japanese War

1894-1895 It was a result of a dispute between China and Japan over influence in Korea. (an ongoing rivalry for between the two nations) The treaty of Kanghwa had China allow Japan to recognize Korea as an independent state even though it was technically a Chinese territory. China kept trying to reassert their influence on it which led to dispute between the two nations. In 1894 there was a rebellion in Korea: the assassination of its pro-Japanese reformist prime minister. Japan refused to withdraw forces and sent further reinforcements. War was declared. Japanese forces defeated the Chinese armies. The victories of Japan were viewed as a vindication of the modernization programs of the Meiji restoration.