Natalie,+Catherine,+Jack

**Moderate Phase**

 * __Event - Storming of the Bastille__:** July 14, 1789 was when the people of the Third Estate broke away from their troubles and anger. **Need a stronger intro sentence that gives main point of the paragraph.** There were rumors that the King would send Royal troops into Paris to reassert his authority. More than 800 suspicious Parisians crowded outside of Bastille Prison wanting to get weapons to defend themselves and prevent the King, Louis XVI from dissolving the National Assembly. The guards fired as the the urban poor and bourgeoisie stormed the Bastille and there was an outbreak of violence. This event proved that the monarch's power was declining. **Better intro** Once the 3rd Estate defeats the Bastille, Louis XVI's power weakens, making it harder for him to stand against the National Assembly.


 * Source 1:** Visual - Urban Poor's Perspective

The visual, the "Taking of the Bastille" shows an angry mob of the urban population invading the Bastille, towering over the royal soldiers, depicting the harshness of the storming of the Bastille. They are an aggressive, large crowd, eager to get into the Bastille. The urban poor were the main participants in the event, storming the Bastille in order to get weapons to protect themselves and the National Assembly. Because the urban poor have little say in government, they want to limit the power of the King. Their perspective is that they were upset, wanted, and needed to act out. The artist thought the storming of the Bastille was a spontaneous and brave act, supporting what the urban poor did to limit the royal authority. **OK**

In this document, a Swiss officer, Louis de Flue explains his perspective on the storming of the Bastille as a defender. The governor told him and his troops to take defensive positions and canons were brought to the gates. The governor opened the gates and the crowd disarmed the soldiers quickly."//I waited for the moment when the governor [was] to execute his threat and I was very surprised to see him send four veterans to the gates to open them and to lower the bridges. The crowd entered right away and disarmed us in an instant . . . in the castle, archives were thrown from the windows and everything was pillaged//". After the gates were opened, choas and violence occurred which could have been meaningless and prevented if the governor would have executed his threat. The Swiss Officer says, "//we were menaced with being massacred in all manner possible//" showing the intensity of the crowd, leading to him being brought to the City Hall. He was accused of the fighting and violence at the Bastille, but he justified himself saying that it was an order and he is willing to serve the City and the Nation. He was later accused by his fellow soldiers that he was the blame for the resistance. In this perspective, Louis de Flue doesn't support the storming the Bastille, feeling insulted and thought that the urban poor was too violent, killing soldiers when they acted out.
 * Source 2:** Document - Royalist's Perspective

The visual, the "Awakening of the Third Estate" shows the Bastille being destroyed in the background as a member of Third Estate breaks his shackles. The clergy and nobles see this happening and are truly surprised they a member of the Third Estate would do this and they recoil in fear. The picture shows the conflict between the estates. The breaking of the citizen of the Third Estate's shackles symbolizes the new freedom as the urban poor storm the Bastille for their freedom. This angers the clergy, making him against the Storming of the Bastille, knowing that if the Third Estate will have more freedoms, the clergy may lose their privileges.
 * Source 3:** Visual - Clergy's Perspective **I don't agree that this is the clergy's perspective. It is the 3rd Estate's.**

Radical Phase
__Event: Execution of Marie Antoinette and Louis XVI-__ On January 21, 1793, Louis XVI was beheaded, as had been voted, in front of his previous subjects **What does this mean?**. Ten months later Marie Antoinette was publically ridiculed and executed. **If this is the event, your intro should lead with this.** The bourgeoisie and below celebrated the end of oppression at the death of the royal family, while foreign governments and the Church mourned their loss, feared for the future and found the royal family admirable in the face of death. Despite the conflicting opinions of the executions of Marie Antoinette and Louis XVI, it is certain that this officially marked the end of the previous regime.

This image is titled "Louis Arrives in Hell". It is an image of Louis XVI arriving in hell, beheaded, after being executed. It is clearly done by a member of the bourgeoisie because all of the inhabitants in Hell **B think they belong in hell?** in this picture are clearly nobles or previous monarchs; artisans were quite often bourgeoisie as well. This shows the bourgeoisie's excitement at the death of Louis XVI, and it makes it almost comical. Poorer people celebrate by dancing around a liberty pole on the back right. They celebrate his death and the forthcoming freedom. It is obvious that the bourgeoisie were excited and overjoyed at the death of Louis XVI and what they assumed would soon be liberation.
 * Source 1: Visual**

//"Never, never more, shall we behold that generous loyalty to rank and sex, that proud submission, that dignified obedience, that subordination of the heart, which kept alive, even in servitude itself, the spirit of an exalted freedom! The unbought grace of life, the cheap defense of nations, the nurse of manly sentiment and heroic enterprise is gone. It is gone, that sensibility of principle, that chastity of honor, which felt a stain like a wound, which inspired courage whilst it mitigated ferocity, which ennobled whatever it touched, and under which vice itself lost half its evil, by losing all its grossness. "// This is an excerpt from a document written by Edmund Burke, a member of the British House of Commons. In this document he reminisces of the old regime, mourning the death of Marie Antoinette, and claims "the age of chivalry is gone". This is a representation of foreign government's and their reactions to the death of the royal family. They mourn it and fear for the future **Why?**.
 * Source 2: Document**

//"All this passed in a moment. The youngest of the guards, who seemed about eighteen, immediately seized the head, and showed it to the people as he walked round the scaffold; he accompanied this monstrous ceremony with the most atrocious and indecent gestures. At first an awful silence prevailed; at length some cries of 'Vive la Republique!' were heard. By degrees the voices multiplied and in less than ten minutes this cry, a thousand times repeated became the universal shout of the multitude, and every hat was in the air."// In this document Henry Edgeworth, Catholic priest and Louis XVI's confessor, recounts Louis' execution. He describes the King as admirable and "the most virtuous of Kings', recalling details as awful and "atrocious". This is a representation of the Church's view of King Louis XVI's execution; they were mournful and admired the King for his bravery. **Why?**
 * Source 3: Document**

**Return to Normalcy**
During Napoleon's time in power, there were many wars. The wars were started by Napoleon in order to spread his reach of power and to conquer Europe. Napoleon was constantly at war and used his strategic mind to trick his enemies. He had taken control of much of Europe when he was finally stopped. An Alliance of Nations defeated Napoleon in the Battle of the Nations and banished him from France. Doing so ended the once unbreakable French Empire. Napoleon returned later to France for one last chance at restoring his empire. Unfortunately, he was defeated by the Alliance in the Battle of Waterloo and banished from France again, never to return. **How does this relate to the "Return to Normalcy"?\**
 * Event: War for dominance over Europe.**

During Napoleon's reign, there were many wars that Napoleon took place in that led him to the conquering of Europe. The bourgeoisie made up most of his army and loyally followed him, even if it meant certain doom. Napoleon was believed to be the savior of the nation of France and he was treated thus. He also trusted his soldiers and would do acts of kindness, as in this picture.
 * Source 1: Visual for bourgeoisie**



This painting was named "Sire, They Are My Sons and My Wife." The image portrays Napoleon meeting the family of one of his soldiers. This image shows that Napoleon would show respect to his soldier and allow him to meet his family. The author depicted him as a man of the people and that he was the greatest thing that has ever happened in France.


 * Source 2: Document on the Support of the Nobles:**

//"Bonaparte's table was abundant and well served. The plate was of silver and very handsome; on great occasions the dinner service was of silver-gilt. Mme. Murat and the Princess Borghese used dinner-services of silver-gilt.The Grand Marshal was the chief of the Prefects of the Palace; his uniform was amethyst-colored, embroidered in silver. The Prefects of the Palace wore the same colored uniform, less richly embroidered.The expenditures of the Grand Equerry (Master of the Horse) amounted to three or four millions. There were about twelve hundred horses. The carriages, which were more ponderous than elegant, were all painted green. The Empress had some equipages, among them some pretty open carriages, but no separate stable establishment. The Grand Equerry and the other Equerries wore a uniform of dark blue, embroidered in silver." (The Glitter of the Imperial Court).// The Nobles **Are you sure? Only nobles like luxeries?**highly supported the wars due to these and many other luxuries they were given to by Napoleon. **N**napoleon had made many people from the Nobles apart of his imperial court and they were treated as though they were the emperor himself. They were allowed to have anything their heart desired. The truth is, due to these luxuries, they supported Napoleons wars. The knew if Napoleon continued invading, and completely trusted them, then he would give the Nobles the spoils of the wars. If one was lucky enough, Napoleon would put them on the countries thrown. The Nobles knew, however, that if Napoleon were to fail, they would lose everything. Knowing this, they supported the war in order to keep gaining their luxuries.

In 1817, France was a military powerhouse who could not be stopped by any means. The Foreign Governments of Europe stated an alliance in order to halt the Empire of France from engulfing the rest of Europe.
 * Source 3: Visual of Foreign Governments**



This image was named "Napoleon is Unable to Digest Leipzig". Napoleon had captured countries increasingly fast, so they used the phrase that Napoleon was "devouring" countries. Napoleon, unfortunately, was could not "digest" or conquer the nation of Leipzig. The nation was guarded by the Alliance mainly consisting of Brittan, Russia, Austria, and Prussia. This battle of the Nations ended with Nepoleon **SP** being defeated and being banished by this Alliance from France. The Artist depicts his picture as Napoleon breaking the nut, or Leipzig, believing it will be simple and ended up loosing his teeth, or his "unbreakable" empire. **Needs more of a tie to foreign perspective**

"A Defender of the Bastille Explains His Role". __Liberty, Equality, Fraternity - Exploring the French Revolution__. 26 February 2010. . "Awakening of the Third Estate". Online Image. Liberty, Equality, Fraternity - Exploring the French Revolution. 28 February 2010. . "Taking of the Bastille" Online Image. Liberty, Equality, Fraternity - Exploring the French Revolution. 26 February 2010. . "Henry Edgeworth's Observations on the Execution of Louis XVI - HistoryWiz Primary Source - The French Revolution." //HistoryWiz: for students, teachers and lovers of history//. Web. 28 Feb. 2010. <[]>. "Modern History Sourcebook: Edmund Burke: Death of Marie Antoinette." //FORDHAM.EDU//. Web. 27 Feb. 2010. <[]>. "Louis Arrives in Hell" Online Image. Liberty, Equality, Fraternity - Exploring the French Revolution. 28 February 2010. . Unknown. "Napoleon Is Unable To Digest Leipzig." Unknown. Online Image. Liberty, Equality, Fraternity. 28 February 210. <[]> Unknown. "Sire, They Are My Sons and My Wife" unknown. Online Image. Liberty, Equality, Fraternity. 28 February 2010. <[]> Unknown. The Glitters of the Imperial Court. "Memoirs of Madame de Remusat." 2 (1802-1808). Liberty, Equality, Fraternity. 28 February 2010. <[]>
 * __Bibliography:__**

Documents - You need stronger ties to the specific perspective and more accurate explanations - 36/45 Presentation - 9/10 Bibliography - 10/10 67/80**
 * Events - You need stronger intro sentences and connections to the era. 12/15